Mars Hill and Common Ground
There is a very important biblical text concerning how Paul shared the Gospel with a non-Jewish (Greek) audience. It is of course the very well-known passage in Acts in which Paul gives his defence of the Gospel at the Areopagus (Mars Hill) in Athens (Acts 17:16-34).
Actually, a brief speech to a gentile audience is recorded in Acts 14:8-19 when Paul and Barnabas were at Lystra. But the speech found in Acts 17 is the longest and most notable of such speeches. And it is likely that Luke simply offers us a précis here of what would have been a much longer speech.
Sadly, for some, this speech has been misunderstood and/or misrepresented. For example, I have had Christians who are caught up in the interfaith dialogue movement try to tell me that this passage proves that Paul thought that non-Christian religions had much truth in them, and that they basically worshipped the same God as Paul.
While it is true – because of God’s common grace – that elements of truth can be found in other religions, the way Paul took on his gentile listeners in Athens suggests a far different picture than that painted by the religious inclusivists. Indeed, Paul was quite confrontational and combative.
Sure, he sought to find common ground. But that was not so he could tell his listeners that they all pretty much believed the same thing and that the really important thing was to just try to all get along. No, Paul sought to build bridges with his listeners so that he could better present the Gospel of Jesus Christ to them, and see them delivered from their false religions and their enslaving idolatry.
Paul’s speech is worth examining in more detail. Perhaps the most interesting element is how Paul is described as he tours Athens. In verse 16 we are told that “he was greatly distressed to see that the city was full of idols”. The word used here is a very strong one. Indeed, it comes from a Greek term from which we get the word paroxysm. John Stott makes this comment about Paul’s concern about God’s jealousy:
“So the pain or ‘paroxysm’ which Paul felt in Athens was due neither to bad temper, not to pity for the Athenians’ ignorance, nor even to fear for their eternal salvation. It was due rather to his abhorrence of idolatry, which aroused within him deep stirrings of jealousy for the Name of God, as he saw human beings so depraved as to be giving idols the honour and glory which were due to the one, living and true God alone. `His whole soul was revolted at the sight of a city given over to idolatry’ (JB).”
Paul’s concern should be our concern as well, Stott reminds us: “Moreover this inward pain and horror, which moved Paul to share the good news with idolaters at Athens, should similarly move us.” Indeed, Paul was not some tourist appreciating the sights and scenery of a historically and culturally rich city. He was not impressed by the glamour, culture, sophistication and beauty of Athens.
The religious and philosophical thinking of the day was not something beautiful and potentially on a par with the Gospel. It was for Paul simply false religion with a demonic underbelly. As Gerald McDermott writes, “Paul came face to face with the religion of cultured civilization, and he concluded that it is a miasma of ignorance that leads to idolatry.”
After some days of debating in the marketplace, he was taken to Mars Hill where he was questioned about his teachings. His summons to meet the city officials there was more than a friendly invitation but perhaps less than an actual arrest. But he was asked to give an account of this ‘new god’ he was introducing to Athens.
His defence (vv. 22-31) is interesting for many reasons. He certainly challenges the religious and philosophical beliefs of the day. He finds common ground, but only to lead his listeners out of pagan darkness and into the light of the Gospel. As Ben Witherington comments,
“Throughout the speech, Luke or Paul is using various somewhat familiar notions to pass judgment on and attack idols and the idolatry involved in polytheism. In other words, what we see here is not an attempt to meet pagans halfway, but rather a use of points of contact, familiar ideas and terms, in order to make a proclamation of monotheism in its Christian form.”
The common ground Paul appeals to include “an unknown god” (v. 23), and various Greek poets and philosophers. The appeal to the unknown god was not some attempt by Paul to say that they worshipped the same God. Instead, as I. Howard Marshall comments,
“There was, to be sure, no real connection between ‘an unknown god’ and the true God; Paul hardly meant that his audience were unconscious worshippers of the true God. Rather, he is drawing their attention to the true God who was ultimately responsible for the phenomena which they attributed to an unknown god.”
That this is not some interfaith chat but a confrontational apologetic is seen in verses 30-31: “In the past God overlooked such ignorance, but now he commands all people everywhere to repent. For he has set a day when he will judge the world with justice by the man he has appointed. He has given proof of this to all men by raising him from the dead.” Ben Witherington again makes some observant comments:
“Apologetics by means of defence and attack is being done, using Greek thought to make monotheistic points. The call for repentance at the end shows where the argument has been going all along – it is not an exercise in diplomacy or compromise but ultimately a call for conversion, after a demonstration of what the Athenians obviously do not truly know about God. Familiar ideas are used to make contact with the audience, but they are used for evangelistic purposes to bolster arguments that are essentially Jewish and Christian in character.”
Or as William Larkin comments, “Each generation’s problem is that their ignorant worship is culpable, rebellious, false worship. God’s solution is not to receive more information but to make a radical turn from idolatry to the one true God (Acts 14:15; 26:20).” That of course is what biblical repentance is all about.
We read that at the end of his defensive sermon (or sermonic defence) the Councillors were divided over what he had to say. But while they wanted to put Paul under the spotlight, it was Paul who in fact had turned the spotlight on them. As Chris Wright says,
“God challenges all idolatry and will judge those who persist in it once they know the truth. So politely, but emphatically, Paul totally reversed the nature of the occasion. The Athenians presumed to sit in judgment on what they thought was another god who might appreciate their civic favours. But the reality was that they were being confronted with the God who sat in judgment upon them and called them, not to a verdict, but to repentance.”
Indeed, later in the book of Acts we see Paul giving an account of his apostolic mission before King Agrippa. He recalls his conversion, and the words of the risen Christ spoken to him at the time: “I have appeared to you to appoint you as a servant and as a witness of what you have seen of me and what I will show you. I will rescue you from your own people and from the Gentiles. I am sending you to them to open their eyes and turn them from darkness to light, and from the power of Satan to God, so that they may receive forgiveness of sins and a place among those who are sanctified by faith in me” (Acts 26:16-18).
As Chris Wright remarks, “This is not the language of one who thought that they were worshipping the true God all along and merely needed to be told so.”
Thus we see here the biblical strategy for dealing with non-Christian religions in general, and cultured pagans in particular. Indeed, our religious situation in the West today is not unlike that encountered by Paul. As Larkin notes, “The prevailing philosophies of the West’s post-Christian era – secular humanism’s scientific empiricism and the New Age pantheistic type of postmodernism – are remarkably similar to the Epicureanism and Stoicism Paul encountered at Athens. Paul’s speech becomes a model for how to witness to the educated post-Christian mind.”
So there were points of contact but also ‘points of contradiction’. As Eckhard Schnabel explains, “The latter demonstrate that Paul does not regard the Athenians’ various systems of faith and worship as more or less identical with, or at least similar to, the Christians’ convictions concerning God, the world, humankind, history, and salvation. He does not argue for an essential continuity between the revelation of the God whom he proclaims and the convictions of pagan poets and philosophers. Instead, he disputes the Athenians’ understanding of the divine.”
The strategy is certainly one of finding common ground with non-Christian thought systems, but always with the view to better reaching the other person, not to push for some fuzzy interfaith unity. As Schnabel puts it, “Paul’s response to the religious convictions and practices of his pagan audience was, in the end, not accommodation but confrontation.”
So it must be with us. We must lovingly yet firmly confront those who do not yet possess the glorious Gospel of Christ. At the end of the day, all other religious and philosophical systems are false paths. They may contain aspects of truth, but ultimately they cannot make us right with the one true God. Only Christ, and Christ alone, can do that.
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Excellent article Bill.
Stephen Frost
Yes, there is a wealth of insight in Paul’s sermon about how to connect with the world. Finding common ground is the first step, as you say.
Notice too that Paul then expounded the truth that God is our Creator. That means that Paul’s message applies to everyone because God created everyone (Romans 1:20). It is the same today, Without the fact of creation the Christian faith becomes one invented religion among many other invented religions. But creation establishes Christianity as fact.
This is why the common experience of most people involved in evangelism today is that the issue of evolution is raised as an objection to the message early on. We have to deal with the false explanation in our culture for our origin before people can believe the Christian message. See for example Street preacher says ‘creation is the issue’. That is why the atheists will be making such a bid deal about the Darwin anniversary in 2009. It’s not about science but against God.
One of the tragedies of our time is that most academics and leaders of our church have compromised on creation. Which theological college in our country teaches clearly that God created in six-days as he said he did in the Bible, that this is the only way of understanding the Bible, that Genesis is foundational to every major Christian doctrine, and then trains their students how to defend that truth in our culture? What you find is that the theological colleges will teach their students that there are many views on this issue and that the can take their pick. In other words, we are training a generation of post-modern Christian leaders, beginning with the very first verse.
Tas Walker
Thank-you Bill! That’s awesome!
Jane Byrne
Tas I really agree with you on that point. It is time for realignment with truth. Thanks Bill for the article. I am in the process of studying cross-cultural learning so this article gave some interesting insights.
Oliver Ins
“Ground” is an unfortunate conventional term for describing any apparent overlap among belief systems. Truly common ground would be at the fundamental level, with respect to reality and our core convictions… logically prior to our derived beliefs, and everyday thoughts and experiences. Apart from this, “commonalities” are only superficially similar — taken in their original context they are shown to be injected with different meanings.
Even something as apparently universally agreeable as peace, or reconciliation among all humanity, may have a common term, but it doesn’t have a shared definition. The Christian should insist that sin eventually corrodes even the best intentioned human relationships, and that true and lasting reconciliation among sinful mankind can only occur after reconciliation to God, in Christ. Love of God, acknowledging His image in men, is a prerequisite for love of neighbour. And it is the reality of the fresh start, the new birth, that makes true kinship possible.
Those nonchristians who do take up a Christian definition of any given belief, of course, do so illegitimately. If one’s foundational presuppositions do not lead coherently to other held views, such as a belief in objective right and wrong, then said views are really stolen from Christ’s account. So it is not neutrally held territory, but
rather trespassing.
Time and again it turns out that notions of good, true, beautiful, person, purpose, peace, hope, love, meaning, etc. are drastically reduced in the minds and mouths of those believing we are not living in a Created universe.
A useful method is to approach allegedly shared beliefs “for the sake of argument,” or temporarily and hypothetically acknowledging them in order to first gain a hearing, and second, to show how they don’t actually derive from a person’s ultimate presuppositions (the kind of ontic and epistemic “ground” that matters most).
Peter Grice
Think Christianity
Hi all
Perhaps if we did not have the plethora of diluted Bibles that change the very clear words of verse 22 from “too superstitious” (AV) to “very religious” (NKJV, NIV,NASB et al) we would not have such lack of clarity. I am greatly concerned over the vagueness of most new versions which lead many to confusion. A further concern I have is the idea that we are to find ‘common ground’ when scripture and the way of salvation is anything but common.
Jesus was not exactly tactful in addressing false beliefs
“O generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good things?” (Mt 12:34).
“Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell?” (Mt 23:33).
“Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do.” (Jn 8:44).
Why are we to think Paul would not be just as concerned about teachers of a false view of God and salvation that lead whole families to hell as Jesus is? Do we see either of them “love” people too much to tell them the truth immediately and as a matter of urgency?
It is nothing but shear love that preaches the Gospel to the lost, nothing but true love that tells of the danger to come, particularly that which leads people to eternal damnation in Hell without any hope of ever being delivered from their torment.
Scripture tells us we are to “compel them to come in” not simply suggest it may be a good idea if they would consider It, “compel them to come in that my house may be filled” (Lk 14:23). Our Lord warned more of the dangers of hell than anyone else in scripture, are we to think he had no love? Do we see him anywhere seeking ‘common ground’?
(He that finds his life shall lose it: and he that loses his life for my sake shall find it. / Suppose ye that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you, Nay; but rather division:/ whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also./ if any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloke also.) these ideas are hardly ‘common ground’!!
Friends, it is not “common ground” that will lead men to saving faith it is the preaching of the cross
“For the preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness; but unto us which are saved it is the power of God.” (1 Co 1:18). Those that perish will consider it foolishness, not common ground.
We keep trying to use mans wisdom to attract men, but scripture teaches;
“For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe.” (1 Co 1:21).
WHY? “Because the foolishness of God is wiser than men; and the weakness of God is stronger than men.” (1 Co 1:25)
Confirmed again in the OT “For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts. (Is 55:9).
I can’t find anywhere in scripture where we find men PRETENDING to agree, only to hit them with the truth after befriending them.
Another good example of “Uncommon” ground is the bibles doctrine of creation, I am sure Tas Walker and others remember what the seeking of ‘common ground’ did to Biblical creation over the last 150 years.
Edi Giudetti